- 1911 – superconductivity discovered – in solid mercury – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
- Onnes + Cornelis Dorsman + Gerrit Jan Flim + Gilles Holst – Netherlands
- Solid mercury gets superconductivity when cooled to temperature of liquid helium
- Practically zero resistance when solid mercury’s temperature was lowered to 3 kelvins (-270.15 °C)
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes got 1913 Physics Nobel Prize for it